B.L.U.F.*

No research has been conducted that compares injury rates or performance between barefoot runners and those who run with shoes. With one exception, the products marketed to barefoot runners for foot protection have not been studied, and no data exist regarding the safety and efficacy of running with minimal footwear.

Background

Historically, humans ran barefoot, and in some underdeveloped countries the practice is still common. Barefoot running, or running with minimal footwear for some protection (though not shock absorption or cushioning) has become popular in recent years. This method of running is becoming increasingly popular with Warfighters.

Myths and Claims

Based on injury rates in underdeveloped countries where barefoot running is the norm, proponents contend that running barefoot results in fewer injuries. Product manufacturers claim that some of the benefits of barefoot running include stronger foot and leg muscles; improved ankle, foot, and toe range of motion; improved neural function and proprioception (the body's ability to perceive the position of all its parts and provide feedback for proper movement), which improves balance and agility; and the promotion of proper posture, since bodyweight is more evenly distributed across the bottom of the foot.

Facts

Barefoot runners tend to strike the ground with the forefoot or midfoot, whereas those wearing running shoes are more likely to strike on the heel. A heel-strike gait produces a larger ground collision force and higher impact than striking with the forefoot or midfoot strike. Biomechanical data confirm differences in foot-strike and impact forces between barefoot and running with shoes. One study looked at a specific barefoot running product, Vibram FiveFingers, and concluded this particular product mimics barefoot running and provides some protection to the surface of the foot. Other products have not been studied. Presently, the U.S. Army does not approve the use of shoes that stimulate barefoot running.

Cautions

No data exist that compare injury rates in barefoot runners versus those who run with shoes, or demonstrating a reduction in injuries or improvement in performance for the products designed to mimic barefoot running, but offering a level of foot protection.

Summary for Military Relevance

The biomechanical mechanisms involved in barefoot running are well studied. Barefoot running produces lower collision and ground impact forces in most runners. Although it seems that barefoot running is supported by biomechanical research, no data exist comparing injuries and performance in barefoot runners versus those who run with shoes. Since Warfighters routinely conduct operations while wearing boots, research is also needed to determine the value of training barefoot, considering that they must wear boots when on duty. For additional reading on this topic, click here for the The Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center’s (NMCPHC) summary of evidence on the efficacy and safety of barefoot style running shoes.